Diagnosis Guidelines
The approach to diagnosis of primary hyperhidrosis (Hh) starts with using one or more methods of assessment of severity of sweating. Practical, qualitative, and quantitative methods are available to aid the clinician in confirming the diagnosis. A logical approach to making a clinical diagnosis is presented, along with a diagnostic algorithm outlining this approach.
Assessment methods for Primary Hh
During the evaluation of a patient with primary hyperhidrosis, it is sometimes necessary to assess the rate of sweat production, the specific areas involved, and the effect of the condition on the patient’s quality of life, psycho-social wellness, and daily activities.
Some experts believe that it is important to observe the patient sweating during an office visit, however, because Hh can be episodic and unpredictable, this is not always possible and diagnosis may need to be more reliant on patient descriptions and assessment of symptoms' impacts.
If visible sweating is possible to observe:
- For axillary involvement, an assessment of the sweat stains of shirts and blouses can be useful. In some cases, a sweat stain with a diameter less than 5 cm is normal. Mild hyperhidrosis can be associated with stains 5 to 10 cm in diameter and still confined to the armpit. Stains of 10 to 20 cm are seen in moderate hyperhidrosis, while stains over 20 cm reaching the waistline are common in severe hyperhidrosis.[57]
- For palmar hyperhidrosis, a low grade of involvement would be a moist palmar surface without visible droplets of perspiration. If palmar sweating extends toward the fingertips, the condition can be considered moderate, and if sweat drips off the palm and reaches all the fingertips, it is severe.[57] Severity of sweating of other focal areas (soles, craniofacial, buttocks, back, groin, under the breasts) may best be determined by patient descriptions if not visible during the time of the exam.
A quantitative approach to assessing severity is gravimetric measurement, which can be done on the palm and in the axilla (creative practitioners can likely adapt this process to other body areas, too). It is important to note that while gravimetric measurement is sometimes still utilized in clinical trials (with debatable reliability), it is not - and need not - be part of routine clinical practice.[57,63] After drying the surface, a preweighed filter paper is applied to the palm or axilla for a period of time measured by stopwatch. The paper is then weighed and the rate of sweat production is calculated in mg/min. Sweating rates in normal individuals and in patients with hyperhidrosis are presented in the table below. Because there is some overlap between patients and controls, the degree of embarrassment and effect on quality-of-life and impairment on daily activities should also be assessed in order to confirm the diagnosis.[63]
Sweating rates by gravimetric measurement
Anatomic area | Normals in clinical trials | Criteria for hyperhidrosis diagnosis in clinical trials |
Axillary | ||
Men | Mean 14.4 mg/min | > 20 mg/min |
Women | Mean 9.4 mg/min | > 10 mg/min |
Palmar | >30–40 mg/min |
Another quantitative test is evaporimetry, in which a device measures the rate of skin water vapor loss. This test has been used to assess response to treatment by both topical therapy and botulinum toxin injections for palmar hyperhidrosis.[44,95]
The Minor, or starch-iodine, test is used to assess the area involved in excessive sweating. [145] This test is not useful for quantifying the degree of hyperhidrosis, as there is little correlation with area of sweating and sweat rate measured by gravimetry,[54] but is useful in determining the area requiring treatment (such as for botulinum toxin injections). In this method, a 2% iodine solution is applied to the area of interest and allowed to dry, and then starch in powder form (corn starch) is brushed on the area.[145] The light brown iodine color turns dark purple as an iodine-starch complex forms in the liquid medium as the eccrine sweat comes to the surface of the affected area.[57] Digital photography of the involved area allows for documentation and follow-up comparison after treatment.[43]
Printing tests using paper impregnated with starch-iodine or spraying ninhydrin on paper applied to the sweating surface work similarly, with color changes denoting area of active eccrine sweat production. These methods can provide only a qualitative assessment of sweating, but are useful for following patients after treatment by serial photography of the involved areas.[95]
Another approach to assessment (perhaps more practical for most practices) is the use of a quality-of-life and impairment of daily activities measurement. Possible useful instruments include: the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale, the Dermatology Quality of Life Index, or a disease-specific measure of quality of life such as that developed by Amir and colleagues or the HHIQ5, or the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS).[28, 100,139] (See Condition Overview: Effects on patients’ lives.)
The International Hyperhidrosis Society offers the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS) as a free download to be used to help with diagnosis of Hh through patient history. The validity and reliability of the HDSS have been analyzed using three studies and have been found to have strong to moderate correlations with the Hyperhidrosis Impact Questionnaire (HHIQ), Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI), and gravimetric sweat production measurements.*
Approach to diagnosis
The first step in the evaluation of a patient's excessive sweating is to distinguish between primary and secondary hyperhidrosis. Therapy for secondary Hh should be directed toward the underlying causative agent or illness.[9] A history focusing on location of excessive sweating, the duration of the problem, family history, specific triggers, a review of systems, and a review of any medications being taken by the patient should allow the practitioner to distinguish whether the patient has 1) generalized sweating due to an underlying systemic illness or as a side effect of a medication or 2) focal sweating due to a neurologic disorder or primary hyperhidrosis.[2,57,145]
Primary hyperhidrosis has specific and characteristic findings such that Adar and colleagues feel the diagnosis can be made on the basis of history and physical alone.[2] These findings include its occurrence in generally young, healthy patients with a family history and onset during childhood or adolescence (facial sweating may have a later onset, however). Primary Hh patients will have bilateral, symmetric involvement of palms, soles, and/or axillae (sometimes along other specific bilateral body areas). There may also be a history for triggers (emotional and thermal stimuli), but it should be noted that that hyperhidrosis sweating can occur regardless of external temperature or external stress. As a final characteristic, primary hyperhidrosis does not cause excessive sweating during sleep.
In summary, although the Hh diagnosis can usually be made on the basis of history and observed excessive sweating, gravimetric measurement may also provide a quantitative assessment.[51] Given the potential for overlap in sweating rates between patients with hyperhidrosis and healthy controls,[63] it is important to gauge the severity of social embarrassment and the effects on quality of life and impairment of daily activities in order to plan treatment, especially if more than one area is involved.[95] This information can be obtained by asking appropriate questions as part of the patient’s history and by using questionnaires or patient self-rating scales.[95]
Download printable algorithm here.
ABCs of Hyperhidrosis Diagnosis
There are two types of hyperhidrosis (Hh): primary and secondary.
Secondary Hh is sweating that is caused by or is a symptom of another underlying medical condition or is a side effect of a medication. Ruling out secondary hyperhidrosis (or responding to secondary Hh appropriately) is the first step in Hh management. After this has been done, a diagnosis of primary (or idiopathic) Hh can be solidified using the ABCs, below.
A: Age of onset - Primary Hh usually begins during childhood or adolescence (facial sweating may have a later onset, however). But, sufferers may ask for help at any time in their condition journey. Because of stigma, shame, embarrassment, and/or a common belief that nothing can be done, most sufferers wait 10 years or more before asking for help, if ever. When did your patient begin to experience excessive, uncontrollable sweating?
B: Bilateral - Hh sufferers experience bilateral (on both sides of the body), symmetric, focal involvement of palms, feet, face/scalp and/or axillae (sometimes along with other specific bilateral body areas). If your patient is sweating on one side only, or presents with generalized sweating, consider the possibility of an underlying condition with sweating showing as a signal symptom.
C: Cessation during sleep - Primary Hh does not cause excessive sweating during sleep. If your patient sweats only when asleep, consider secondary Hh and look for an underlying cause. If the sweating is problematic both day and night, a combination of primary and secondary hyperhidrosis is possible.
D: Duration - For a primary Hh diagnosis, look for excessive sweating symptoms or episodes (2 or more per week) that started 6+ months ago and appear to be chronic. Most sufferers will experience episodes of varying frequency, length and degree. Ask about the number of episodes per week and the effects those episodes have on daily functioning, stress and anxiety.
E: Episodes - Extreme, uncontrollable sweating will likely not be continuous or constant for primary Hh patients. Most sufferers will experience episodes of varying frequency, length and degree. Ask about the number of episodes per week and the effects those episodes have on daily functioning, stress and anxiety.
F: Family - 2/3rds of primary Hh sufferers indicate other family members have Hh, too. Keep in mind, however, that due to potential stigma and shame associated with the condition, family members may not talk about it and may keep it hidden from each other.
G: Gets in the way - Some level of sweating and increased sweating is to be expected in life. Hh, however, gets in the way of sufferers’ ability to function, participate in school and athletics, work comfortably and at their fullest potential, have fun, pursue dreams, develop relationships, and more. Further, it has been shown that Hh has a deep impact on the mental health of patients, especially its youngest sufferers. What impact is excessive sweating having on your patient’s life, health and self-concept?
* A Comprehensive Approach to the Recognition, Diagnosis, and Severity-Based Treatment of Focal Hyperhidrosis: Recommendations of the Canadian Hyperhidrosis Advisory Committee, Dermatologic Surgery, August 2007, pages 908-923